|
:''This article is concerned with the History of Dublin between 795 and 902 CE and follows History of Dublin: Earliest times to 795.'' The First Viking Age lasted from 795, when Viking raids on Irish settlements began, until 902, when the ruling Norse dynasty was expelled from Dublin. This period of Irish history is characterised by a series of conflicts involving the native Irish and two Viking factions that the Irish called Dubgaill and Finngaill. The fluctuating fortunes of these three groups and their shifting alliances, together with the inadequacy of contemporary records and the inaccuracy of later accounts, make this period one of the most complicated and least understood in the fledgling city's history. ==Early Viking raids== In the year 795 Vikings (probably of Norwegian origin) raided islands off the coast of Ireland for the first time.〔AU 795.3: "The burning of Rechru by the heathens...." AFM 790.6 (). Rechru has been variously identified with Lambay Island, off the coast of Dublin, and Rathlin Island, off the northeast coast of Ireland. See See also (''Brut y Tywysogion'' 795 ), which supports the identification with Lambay. The dates given in the extant versions of the ''Annals of Ulster'' for the period from the late 5th century to 1013 are antedated by one year, events in this period being dated one year ''before'' they actually took place (O'Rahilly (1946), p. 241). These dates have been silently corrected in the present article (and in the online version of the ''Annals of Ulster'' at (CELT )). Dates in the other annalistic sources cited in this article are often at variance with the corrected dates in the ''Annals of Ulster''; these have not been corrected (though the correct date is given in parentheses), as they are not always due to copyists' errors but are often the dates given by the original authors.〕 This was the beginning of a new phase of Irish history, which saw many native communities – particularly ecclesiastical ones – relocate themselves on the continent, or further afield in places like Iceland and the Faroe Islands, to escape the pagan marauders. For about two decades the invaders confined their activities to coastal settlements; raiding parties were generally small and there is no evidence that any of them wintered in Ireland during this early phase of "hit-and-run" activity. Typically the Vikings would arrive at a settlement without warning, plunder what goods and people they could – the people were usually sold as slaves, though notable personages were often held for ransom – before retreating to their Scandinavian or British bases. This period lasted from 795 until 813, after which there occurred a hiatus of eight years.〔The ''Annals of Ulster'' record no Viking raids for the years 814 through 820.〕 It is now thought that these early raids were launched directly from southwest Norway, and that during the period of calm (814–820) the Norwegian Vikings were occupied in northern Britain, laying the foundations of a new kingdom referred to in Irish sources as Laithlind (later Lochlainn).〔Ó Corráin (1998): "... we know from good archaeological evidence that early Viking raids on Ireland originated (Rogaland )."〕 Laithlind was once thought to be in Norway but it is now identified with Viking settlements in the British Isles, especially those in Scotland and the Isle of Man.〔Ó Corráin (1998), though this opinion is not undisputed. ''Lochlainn'', a corruption of the supposedly Norse term ''Lothland'', was used in later centuries to refer to Norway.〕 In 821 the raids on Ireland were resumed with an attack on Howth, in which a large number of women were abducted.〔AU 821.3.〕 But the pattern of attacks had begun to change: raiding parties became larger and better organised; inland settlements were targeted as well as the more vulnerable maritime ones; and naval encampments were established to allow the marauders to remain in Ireland throughout the winter.〔Such an encampment was known in Irish as a ''longphort'' and in Old Norse as a ''wintersetl''.〕 In a second wave the Vikings returned later as permanent settlers. It is likely that this second wave of attacks originated in Laithlind – in northern Britain and the Scottish Isles – rather than in Norway. The leaders of these raids, however, were probably still freebooters and adventurers, acting largely on their own behalf. An actual Kingdom of Laithlind was probably not firmly established until the 830s, after which the attacks on Ireland became more protracted and better co-ordinated.〔Ó Corráin (1998).〕 In 833, during one such attack, a raiding party sailed up the Liffey and plundered the monastic settlement at Clondalkin.〔AU 833.5; CS 833; AClon 830 ().〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Early Scandinavian Dublin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|